实验室内的岩石粘滑错动实验表明，粘滑错动过程一般可分为预滑、粘滑和止滑3 个阶段，且往往不是一次、单点错动，而是由多次、多点粘滑错动组成，表现为在断层的不同部位、不同时间、多点、多次粘滑错动的特征。在天然地震观测中，破裂前的预滑过程激发出的信号较弱，一般不易被观测到。但破裂后的同震粘滑和止滑过程激发出的信号较强，容易被观测到。2016 年 11 月 13 日新西兰南岛发生 MW7.8 地震后，全球数字地震仪台网（GSN）中的 100 个台记录到同震粘滑过程激发出的粘滑震相 Xs 和止滑过程激发出的长周期勒夫型面波 XsQ 和长周期瑞雷型面波 XsR。观测结果表明，此次地震在破裂开始后的同震粘滑错动过程由 4 次较大的子粘滑事件构成。据此认为，MW7.8地震是断层粘滑错动和弹性破裂共同作用的结果，是一种粘滑错动 + 弹性破裂的机制。还给出 4 个子粘滑震相 P+Xs1、Xs2、Xs3 和 Xs4 以及止滑面波震相 XsQ 和 XsR 的走时关系。在地震记录图上识别出粘滑震相 Xs，有助于认识地震的粘滑错动过程，识别出止滑震相 XsQ 和 XsR，有助于预判地震次生灾害。

The results of rock stick-slip dislocation experiments in the laboratory show that one stick-slip dislocation process includes three stages generally pre-slip stage, stick-slip stage, and stop-slip stage. Usually, a stick-slip dislocation process is not a one-time single-point process; instead, it is composed of multi-time and multi-point stick-slip dislocation processes, showing the characteristic of multi-time and multi-point stick-slip dislocation in the different parts of a fault. A strong earthquake of magnitude MW 7.8 occurred at the South Island, New Zealand, on 13 November 2016. The pre-slip phase is too weak to be recorded well, but the co-seismic stick-slip dislocation phase and stop-slip phase are stronger and recorded perfectly by the digital seismographs of the Global Seismographic Network (GSN). We analyzed the recordings of 100 stations of GSN. We identified co-seismic stick-slip dislocation phase Xs, stop-slip phase XsQ and XsR. According to this result, we infer that the MW 7.8 earthquake mainly consists of 4 sub-stick-slip dislocation events. The four times of sub-stick-slip dislocation events took place during the process of stick slip dislocation during the main earthquake. Hence, the MW 7.8 earthquake may be a result of the stick-slip dislocation of the fault and elastic failure. It is a mechanism of “stick-slip dislocation + elastic failure”. The XsQ phase and XsR phase are long-period surface wave phases that may be excited by the stop-slip process. The travel time relationships of P+Xs1, Xs2, Xs3, Xs4, Xsm, XsQ, and XsR phases are given. Identifying the Xs phase from seismic recordings will be helpful for understanding the process of stick-slip dislocation of main earthquakes. Identifying the XsQ and XsR phases will be helpful for judging disaster loss of great earthquakes.